Bioenergetics was originally focused on the energetic events occurring across cellular and organelle membranes [1]. Although those events remain a core focus, bioenergetics is now considered a branch of biochemistry and biology that studies the flow of energy within living systems [2]. More specifically, it elucidates the energy conversion processes in cells.
Evolutionary medicine is not an established field of study like biochemistry or epigenetics. Instead, it is a distinct approach to different aspects of medical science. This approach examines health and disease through the lens of evolution, aiming to provide insights into the mechanisms behind the development of illnesses.
Chronobiology is a fascinating field that explores biological rhythms, spanning from their molecular and cellular underpinnings to their influence on the behavior and physiology of entire organisms.
Gut microbiota, also known as gut flora or gut microbiome, is defined as the group of microorganisms inhabiting our intestines. It encompasses archaea, viruses, fungi, and bacteria, which account for 99% of the microbiota composition [18]. Remarkably, our intestines harbor as many bacteria as there are cells in our bodies [19].
The term “epigenetics” is formed by adding the Greek prefix “epi-” (meaning “over,” “outside,” or “around”) to genetics. Defining epigenetics is a complex task, and its definition has evolved over the years. It was first coined in 1942 by the developmental biologist Conrad H. Waddington to refer to a new field of biology concerned with the connections between gene and protein expression [7].
Metabolism — a term you’ve likely encountered numerous times, especially in discussions about diet, weight loss, and sports. Countless internet blogs offer advice on how to enhance or speed up your metabolism to achieve fitness goals, reinforcing the notion that metabolism plays a crucial role in weight management. Indeed, metabolism is a key factor in both weight loss and gain.
